The Young's modulus directly applies to cases of uniaxial stress that is, tensile or compressive stress in one direction and no stress in the other directions. For instance, it predicts how much a material sample extends under tension or shortens under compression. Young's modulus enables the calculation of the change in the dimension of a bar made of an isotropic elastic material under tensile or compressive loads. Toughness: amount of energy that a material can absorb before fracture.Hardness: relative resistance of the material's surface to penetration by a harder body.Geometric stiffness: a global characteristic of the body that depends on its shape, and not only on the local properties of the material for instance, an I-beam has a higher bending stiffness than a rod of the same material for a given mass per length.
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